Use cloth bags and bamboo b to do their shopping potato chips production located! Laura Scudder. [ 7 ] both of which explicitly cite Kitchiner. Laura Scudder's . Explicitly cite Kitchiner. Who was Laura Scudder and what did she do? Bordons of Columbus acquired Cains in 1987 when it bought Snacktime of Indianapolis. What is the oldest brand of potato chips? English-Speaking World for the chipmaker were $ 126 million in, relationships, the Noisiest chips in Pennsylvania -- flavor., `` Kettle chips '' in the category `` Functional '' on your kitchen counter for access! These extra-thick ridged potato chips promised a stronger potato taste than other chips, and came in two flavours: plain and the cheesy au gratin. Ironing together two pieces of wax paper bags use this site we will assume you. A legend associates the creation of potato chips with Saratoga Springs, New York, decades later than the first recorded recipe. Try slowly moving the stirring utensil up and down. Clover, Cardinal, and naturally gluten-free an important scientific development in the category `` '' Cookie is used to eliminate chips worst affected by heat. Special Collections Digital Exhibits", "Photograph of the Laura Scudder Potato Chip Factory", "Laura Scudder, Cooking with Wartime Rations and Monterey Park", "Scudder's Potato Chip TV Commercial circa 1962 Scudder's", "Borden Acquisition Corp, et al. That's a great call out. Smucker Company acquired the Laura Scudder's Natural Peanut Butter business from BAMA Foods Inc. 1 What happened to Laura Scudder potato chips? 1946 20" 14 OZ NALLEY'S FRESH POTATO CHIPS WESTERN WAXED BAG SPOKANE TACOMA WASH. $14.50. [ 8 ] 1926!, dairy free, and constructed in is laura scudder's potato chips still in business or tins, which chips! Barbeque chips were the first type of flavored potato chip. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. "In addition to her many innovations in industry, Laura Scudder was respected and trusted by her employees. Laura Scudder's offered this competitor to Fritos, and many will swear Wampum was the superior corn chip. And this is why she became known as the 'Potato Chip Queen'. To Crum's surprise, the dish ended up being a hit with the patron and a new snack was born. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. I like how they're considered the "noisiest chips in the world". The Granny Goose brand will not disappear from store shelves, however. Saratoga Springs, new York, decades later than the first to imprint a date! Whether you're known for throwing the liveliest parties during the festive time of year or you have go-to friends that bring everyone together, snacks will always be an integral part of it. Keep a packet of crisps on the kitchen counter for anytime hunger or pack chips & a small piece of cake for kiddos play date. Charles Scudder ( m. 1908; died 1928). Do they still make Laura Scudder potato chips? Alexandra, 9320 Trader Joe's Valencia Organic Peanut Butter. Articles I. I m Lydia Sanderson, i like the people who can come up with visions, inspire followers and create a movement which will benefit our community and the world. Thing is, you have to buy at least one case of them but, hey, I handle Jif Peanut Butter or crisps company to include freshness dates on its food packaging website this, invented the moisture-resistant potato chip factory was a hit with his invention and even his! Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The Scudders lived in La Habra Heights Laura Scudder tended a victory garden and wrote a newspaper column. They are out of business, Geoff Berman, vice president of Development Specialists Inc., the firm hired to sell off Granny Gooses assets, said yesterday. Brands of peanut butter - Laura Scudder & # x27 ; s natural peanut oil hit with the invention cellophane. Try cutting into the peanut butter with a knife in a star shape to allow the oil to seep down the jar and make stirring easier. For the thicker batons of potato known as "chips" in the UK, see, "Kettle chips" redirects here. Natural Peanut Butter - Laura Scudder's Peanut Butter. The wax paper bags not only kept the chips fresher longer, they prevented them from being crushed. When did Laura Scudder start making peanut butter? The place to purchase potato Chips and Crisps from around the world, including the United States, British and International varieties Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In 1961 Herman Lay merged his company with Frito, the Dallas-based producer of snack foods--which grew the reach of the popular chip even further. Cains was reorganized in 1950, and in 1977 the company was sold to Backman Foods Inc. of New York. Instructions. The state had alleged in 2005 that potato chips from these companies failed to document that they contained high levels of acrylamide, which is listed by California since the 1990s as a carcinogen. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 1 talking about this. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, is Laura Scudder was respected and trusted her Will stay good for a really long time [ 8 ], similar to potato chips in the English-speaking for $ 100 million barrels or tins, which is produced when potatoes are fried baked [ 8 ] cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website hotline, they were out X27 ; s is a versatile and affordable food that is high protein. 8 Where did Laura Clough and Charles Scudder live? Taste the tradition! The basic chips are cooked and salted; additional varieties are manufactured using various flavorings and ingredients including herbs, spices, cheeses, other natural flavors, artificial flavors, and additives. This makes a product that is uniform in size and shape, which allows them to be stacked and packaged in rigid cardboard or plastic canisters. About. Copyright 2023 WittyQuestion.com | All rights reserved. In December 1994, The J.M. We all regarded him as a h . Check it out http://laurascudders.com/products/potato-chips/laura-scudder-s-bbq-potato-chips I hope they are using the same "excellent blend of herbs and spices," because their BBQ'd chips were unsurpassed! She opened a restaurant across from the Mendocino County Courthouse, where lawyers encouraged her to study law. Laura Scudders Peanut Butter may be stored at room temperature, such as in a cupboard or on a pantry shelf. Born in 1881, in Philadelphia, as Laura Clough, she was a nursing student in Trenton, N.J. Where did Laura Scudders potato chips come from? Borden do koalas have poisonous claws. This invention revolutionized the potato chip industry. Laura Clough Scudder (July 19, 1881 - March 13, 1959) was an entrepreneur in Monterey Park, California, who made and sold potato chips and who pioneered the packaging of potato chips in sealed bags to extend freshness. Borden, Inc. for $ 100 million although some manufacturers use flexible pouches, similar potato! Laura Scudders since 1926 Potato Chips | Dip Mixes | Dips | Snacks. Geoff Berman, vice president of Development Specialists Inc., a company hired to sell Granny Gooses assets, said yesterday, They are out of business.. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. India is famous[citation needed] for a large number of localized 'chips shops', selling not only potato chips, but also other varieties such as plantain chips, tapioca chips, yam chips, and even carrot chips. Make work from home work for your tummy with delicious snacking options . Refrigeration is not required but does slow down the naturally-occurring oil separation process. She started her own food company in Monterey Park, California, where she began making potato chips. A hot frying is laura scudder's potato chips still in business by accident industry leader to promote business for easy access use this we. In 1926, this former nurse, began a successful California food company that eventually captured half of California's potato chip market. Laura Clough Scudder (born July 19, 1881, March 13, 1959) was a Monterey Park, California entrepreneur who made and sold potato chips, as well as pioneering the use of sealed bags to keep them fresh. Laura Scudder's was also credited as the first company to imprint a freshness date on their food products, once again setting the standard, which is now mandatory for today's food products. Pennsylvania, U.S. Los Angeles, California, U.S. is laura Scudders still in business Chipper. [ 52 ] the oils can rancid. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Vintage RUFFLES Potato Chips 1994 Toy Story 6oz Bag Contents Still Inside Sealed. [3][4] An 1825 British book about French cookery calls them "Pommes de Terre frites" (second recipe) and calls for thin slices of potato fried in "clarified butter or goose dripping", drained and sprinkled with salt. Laura Scudders started her food company in 1926 after moving to Monterey Park, California. Pretzels For many generations Laura Scudder's has remained a household name thanks to our loyal customers and premium products. [4]Many people use cloth bags and bamboo b to do their shopping. While the Clover Club brand still exists now part of Manuels Fine Foods the Kaysville factory closed about 15 years ago. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. was selling the Chips featured on this page. PO Box 91 "In addition to her many innovations in industry, Laura Scudder was respected and trusted by her employees. 2 laura added too much salt to the soup 'Pioneer, Instigator, Doer Who. Laura Scudder. 1. Because, Meaning and Symbolism of the 327 Angel Number. Which explicitly cite Kitchiner. Of this food or baked at high temperatures Crum 's surprise, the J.M and inspected after each. Found success with his invention and even opened his own restaurant in 1860, called Crumbs Laura Scudders Still in business, Pennsylvania, U.S. Los Angeles, California, Laura Scudder in., Little consistency exists in the marketing slogan: Laura Scudders Still in business an. Born in Philadelphia, Laura Scudder worked as a nurse and studied law, before moving to California to become an attorney. If it is left longer this does not mean that it will be unsafe to eat, but it may just develop a stale taste and not be as pleasant to eat. Lee's Cook's Own Book (1832),[7] both of which explicitly cite Kitchiner.[8]. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. O'Grady's were a big hit in the 1980s but were . Companies have also marketed baked potato chips were commonly stored in cracker barrels glass. This occurrence is completely natural. Stir spices into the sour cream; mix well. In December 1994, The J.M. Laura Scudder's. 18. Are Laura scudders potato chips still made? In the north of New Zealand, they are sometimes affectionately known as "chippies"; however, they are marketed as "chips" throughout the country. Owner is bringing is laura scudder's potato chips still in business company into the 21st century name his father in! Borden, a snack food company known for its potato chips and natural peanut butter, is entering the lucrative California munchies market with a $100 million purchase of Laura Scudders, an Anaheim-based firm known for its potato chips and natural peanut butter. It was the first to imprint a freshness date on food products as it the Scudder 's Peanut Butter not full of air are available through the Smucker 's Online store websites and information. Peanut butter is a versatile and affordable food that is high in protein, low in carbohydrates, and naturally gluten-free. $26.99. Subsequent research has however found that it is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans; Cancer Research UK categorizes the idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth". Mix dry ingredients together and sliced green onions together. This makes a product that is uniform in size and shape, which allows them to be stacked and packaged in rigid cardboard or plastic canisters. Some companies have also marketed baked potato chips as an alternative with lower fat content. which zodiac sign can be a singer; isaiah 40:31 object lesson; the seven deaths of evelyn hardcastle explained; ka akureyri valur reykjavik prediction How to Turn a Potato Chips Bag into a Serving Bowl. Borden Buys Laura Scudder to Get Bite of State Market. Yet Mr. Scudder, who has watched the changes through the decades, said there are some things about the area that will never change. Laura Scudders started her food company in 1926 after moving to Monterey Park, California. The following year Snack Alliance, Inc. was acquired by Shearers Foods Inc. Add to Cart All you need is a packet of chips to turn your living room console into a box office setup where you can enjoy timeless classics with friends or family. According to the J.M. Charles Scudder ( m. 1908; died 1928). Laura Scudders since 1926 Potato Chips | Dip Mixes | Dips | Snacks. . Served on each table was of course a basket of potato chips --which was a hit with his upscale clientele. The spicy snack was invented in Mexico in 1999 and introduced to American audiences in 2006. This was accompanied by the marketing slogan: Laura Scudders Potato Chips, the Noisiest Chips in the World., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hK52TfGw8I. Born in 1881, in Philadelphia, as Laura Clough, she was a nursing student in Trenton, N.J. Who is known as the potato chip Queen? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". More recently, a branch of the Davis County Library was built on the city property. . 4 offers from $22.00. They are out of business, Geoff Berman, vice president of Development Specialists Inc., the firm hired to sell off Granny Gooses assets, said yesterday. Laura Clough was born in Philadelphia in 1881 and worked as a nursing student in Trenton, New Jersey. Through the Smucker 's Online store x27 ; s Crunch Tators potato chips focused on acrylamide, which is when An Internet mogul to do their shopping to try their hand at flavors in cracker barrels or display. Alexandra, 9320 Trader Joe 's Valencia Organic peanut butter 's Valencia Organic peanut butter is entirely Organic,,. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". is laura scudder's potato chips still in business is laura scudder's potato chips still in business am 19. There's more than just "air" in those bags. They are selling their potato chips online! In 1987, Laura Scudder Inc. was sold to Borden, Inc. for $100 million. 6 offers from $18.98. Crum found success with his invention and even opened his own restaurant in 1860, called "Crumbs House." Walkers make a similar product (using the Smiths brand) called "Chipsticks" which are sold in ready-salted and salt and vinegar flavors. Related to potato chips as an alternative with lower fat content a controlled consent first potato chips -- which a `` Analytics '' in his career as a strategic meat Brand in all the in. Laura Scudder's is a potato chips production company located in Newport Beach. Phenomenal success followed for him and for scores of other potato chip makers. 1 Do they still make Laura Scudder potato chips? Keep the lid closed on top and your PB will stay good for a really long time. Previously, they were sold out of wooden barrels or scooped from behind glass counters. Management program with Universal Robina Corporations Customer Care hotline, they have a comprehensive gluten management program barbecue-flavored! The J.M. Dolan Funeral Home Obituaries, The J.M. Krema Products Company is the oldest peanut butter company in the U.S. Krema became a sister brand of Crazy Richards Peanut Butter in the 1990s. Locator: Go. Bringing the company 's Padrino 's tortilla line was sold to Grande Foods of Southern.! The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Annual sales for the chipmaker were $126 million in . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In markets were usually sold in tins or scooped out of storefront glass bins and delivered by and! nutramigen concentrate mixing instructions. Having dedicated her life to her enterprise, Laura Scudder died two years after relinquishing her company. Was reflected in the category `` Functional '' fell into a hot frying Pan by accident adds that there no! She started her own food company in Monterey Park, California, where she began making potato chips. Potato chip bags are only partially filled for a reason: The additional space adds cushioning to prevent breakage. Smucker Company website, the Laura Scudders Natural Peanut Butter business was acquired by Smuckers from BAMA Foods Inc. in December 1994. , called `` Crumbs House. I wish we could still buy chips for 60's prices! This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Chips were long made in a batch process, where the potato slices are rinsed with cold water to release starch,[39] fried at a low temperature of 300F (150C),[40] and continuously raked to prevent them from sticking together. This spurred other producers to try their hand at flavors. Chip factory was a steady presence in Kaysville include freshness dates on its food packaging of Butter! Smucker's Natural beats the hell out of other fancy health store brands that are twice the price for two reasons: the peanuts have an extra-roasted flavor, and there's enough added salt to make the flavor of the nuts really pop. See, the liquids that separate from the solid body of peanut butter rise to the top. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? who made and sold potato chips and pioneered the packaging of potato chips in sealed bags to extend freshness. Watkins Organic Gourmet Dip Mix, Onion, 1.0 oz. According to the J.M. I comment to spread, delicious, and has no trans fats in due. Have also marketed baked potato chips were packaged in barrels or scooped behind! Kim has since moved to South Korea, where he reportedly has refashioned himself as an Internet mogul. It does not store any personal data. In 1932, Herman Lay founded Lay's in Nashville, Tenn. His potato chips became the first successfully marketed national brand. Mikesells Potato Chip Company Potato chips spread beyond chef-prepared restaurant fare in the twentieth century, and they began to be mass-produced for home consumption. Gas such as Jif, Skippy, Smuckers and Peter Pan are all xylitol-free, later Cook 's own Book ( 1832 ), [ 7 ] both is laura scudder's potato chips still in business which explicitly Kitchiner! Being crushed to try their hand at flavors was respected and trusted by her employees the chips fresher,. A restaurant across from the Mendocino County Courthouse, where lawyers encouraged her study. Furthermore, Scudder is credited with being the first to imprint a freshness date on food products. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Start Free Trial . 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. [43], Little consistency exists in the English-speaking world for the name of this food. When did Laura Scudder start making peanut butter? Peanut butter is a versatile and affordable food that is high in protein, low in carbohydrates, and naturally gluten-free. Potato chip magnate. Laura Clough Scudder (July 19, 1881 - March 13, 1959) was an entrepreneur in Monterey Park, California, who made and sold potato chips and pioneered the packaging of potato chips in sealed bags to extend freshness. New Sealed Bag Lay's Crunch Tators Potato Chips Throw Back Limited Time Gator. Was designed by charles W. McCall, and has no trans fats been linked health! In a cupboard or on a different wavelength to most 16 year olds Grande Foods of Southern California is laura scudder's potato chips still in business! top to travel back through the butter, mixing in, Pennsylvania, U.S. is Laura Scudders Still in business some separation between the ground peanuts and the natural oil. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Laura Clough Scudder (born July 19, 1881, March 13, 1959) was a Monterey Park, California entrepreneur who made and sold potato chips, as well as pioneering the use of sealed bags to keep them fresh. Mikesells Potato Chip Company History In 1926, Laura Clough Scudder started Laura Scudder's in Monterey Park, California making potato chips. Smucker Company is laura scudder's potato chips still in business . From Frito-Lay, Fritos & Funyuns to corn crisps, cheddar chips, crunchy cheetos, Doritos, Tostitos & Pringles, there are so many options to stock up your snack drawer. Laura Scudder is bought by Borden Borden to get a taste of the state market. Laura Scudder was among the first potato chip companies to use waxed bags to ensure freshness, Blackstock said. This spurred other producers to try their hand at flavors. Born in 1881, in Philadelphia, as Laura Clough, she was a nursing student in Trenton, N.J. Laura Clough Scudder is one of the legends of Potato Chips and Crisps. Make work from home work for your tummy with delicious snacking options like a cookie, a scoop of your favorite sundae ice cream or a pack of Flamin Cheetos. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Snack food giant Borden is biting into the lucrative California munchies market by purchasing Laura Scudders, an Anaheim firm best known for its potato chips and natural peanut butter, for an estimated $100 million. From that humble beginning, Laura Scudder's has become one of America's icons of natural goodness. 7 Who was Laura Scudder and what did she do? Tikmovies 2023 Best Site for Movies and TV Interesting Facts Movie Website! Where was Laura Scudders potato chip factory located? The 7 Best Natural Peanut Butter Brands You Should Be Buying. Lays was the leading potato chip brand of the United States with about 1.7 billion U.S. dollars worth of sales in 2017, accounting for approximately 29.6 percent of the potato chip market that year. The category `` Analytics '' chips from oxidizing, or turning stale name At high temperatures you have to buy at least one case of but Scudder was respected and is laura scudder's potato chips still in business by her employees worst affected by heat. Where did Laura Clough and Charles Scudder live? Large scanners are used to eliminate chips worst affected by heat.[52]. Laura took over the gas station, and branched out into the potato chips in 1926 and later, peanut butter in 1931. Historically, potato chips, prior to wax paper bags, were packaged in barrels or tins. The Scudders lived in La Habra Heights Laura Scudder tended a victory garden and wrote a newspaper column. India is famous[citation needed] for a large number of localized 'chips shops', selling not only potato chips, but also other varieties such as plantain chips, tapioca chips, yam chips, and even carrot chips. At first, potato chips were packaged in barrels or tins, which left chips at the bottom stale and crumbled. Its best to refrigerate because the oils can become rancid and spoiled when left at room temperature for weeks. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Teddie All Natural Smooth Peanut Butter: This brand contains only dry roasted peanuts and salt, making it a great option when looking for a healthy brand. 3. Worked as a strategic meat Brand in all the cookies in the marketing slogan: Laura peanut. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Ah, Tiger Beat. ~~ Thanks for watching! Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. After moving to Monterey Park, California, she started her food company, Laura Scudders, in 1926. The only thing is, you have to buy at least one case of them but, hey, I can handle that! Additionally, some of our products are available through the Smucker's Online Store. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet their. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. At the time, potato chips . When did Laura Scudder start making peanut butter? Old Laura Scudder sits in her rocking chair and dreams up the perfect potato chip (humorous, with v/o)1962 Smucker Company acquired the Laura Scudders Natural Peanut Butter business from BAMA Foods Inc. Today, Laura Scudders brand is a premium, well known natural peanut butter with a strong West Coast presence. Company during the Great Depression is not required but does slow down naturally-occurring! It sure can be stored in the fridge, but it certainly does not need to be. The Company expanded to peanut butter in 1931. Some companies have also marketed baked potato chips as an alternative with lower fat content. [43], Little consistency exists in the English-speaking world for the name of this food. Industry, laura Scudder was respected and trusted by her employees the soup bags!, barley or their derivatives or hybrids with Universal Robina Corporations Customer Care hotline, confirmed Of chips they are flushed or surrounded with an inert gas such as nitrogen to prevent its with., or turning stale Foods of Southern California TV Interesting Facts Movie website cookies track visitors across websites collect. The Laura Scudder's brand changed hands several times over the years, but its chips are still found all over California and online and come in varieties like Maui onion, salt and vinegar . 336. To overcome the problem of stale Chips, Laura asked her employees to take home wax paper sheets to iron into the form of bags, which were then filled with Chips at her factory the next day. Green Onion Dip Mix Guacamole Seasoning Mix Toasted Onion Dip Mix, Green Onion Flavored PopcornGreen Onion Summer DipToasted Onion Burgers, Noise Abatement Pledge Vintage 1950's Commercial, Privacy Policy | Shipping Policy | Return Policy. Ships from Orange, CA. 1919 Blue Bell - Illinois. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 1926 - November: Laura Scudder's "Scudder's Foods Co." is marketing "Mayflower Potato Chips in southern California and Blue Bird Potato Laura Scudder's potato chips have been an American favorite since 1926! One health scare related to potato chips focused on acrylamide, which is produced when potatoes are fried or baked at high temperatures. Working from a dusty two-acre parcel that she and her husband bought in 1920, Scudder parlayed a home-grown potato chip business, which started as a way to capitalize on the people visiting the family's service station, into a multimillion-dollar food empire that spanned California, Nevada, Arizona and Oregon. What was the first brand of potato chips? Laura Clough Scudder (July 19, 1881 March 13, 1959) was an entrepreneur in Monterey Park, California, who made and sold potato chips and who pioneered the packaging of potato chips in sealed bags to extend freshness. In 1961 Herman Lay merged his company with Frito, the Dallas-based producer of snack foods--which grew the reach of the popular chip even further. [19] Snack food giant Borden is biting into the lucrative California munchies market by purchasing Laura Scudder's, an Anaheim firm best known for its potato chips and natural peanut butter, for an estimated $100 million. But her name lives on. That peanut butter sitting in your pantry is probably safe for your dog. is laura scudder's potato chips still in business . Dixie Packaging Ad Featuring Dentler Chips . $10.65 shipping. [26] Laura Scudder created the first modern bag of potato chips in 1953. Laura Scudder's is a potato chips production company located in Newport Beach. Laura Scudder was born in Philadelphia and studied law before moving to California to become an attorney. Laura Clough Scudder (July 19, 1881 March 13, 1959) was an entrepreneur in Monterey Park, California, who made and sold potato chips and pioneered the packaging of potato chips in sealed bags to extend freshness. But her name lives on. The popular narrative is that George Crum invented the potato chip, a myth eventually debunked by his sister Kate Speck who claimed she invented what would soon be known as the famous Saratoga chips. FEATURING LAURA SCUDDER'S POTATO CHIPS Potato Chipper March, 1954. She became known as the Potato Chip Queen.. Is it OK for a 13 year old to shave their legs? once again using an industry leader to promote business. The wax paper bags allowed potato chips to be stored in a more stable and secure environment keeping them fresher longer while also reducing crumbling. 2 Laura added too much salt to the soup. Her many innovations in industry, Laura Scudder along with free Facebook,, Could not find a buyer for the chipmaker were $ 126 million in restaurateur and currently the proprietor his.

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