When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. As far as we know, Soaphead Church is the only mortal being to whom Pecola has revealed her wish, and his emotional reaction is admiration. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. She becomes pregnant. Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. Sometimes it can end up there. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. Rosemary Villanucci came out and told Frieda that her father would go to jail, and Frieda hit her. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. | His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Dont have an account? More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. Maginot Line, elaborate defensive barrier in northeast France constructed in the 1930s and named after its principal creator, Andr Maginot, who was France's minister of war in 1929-31. Instant PDF downloads. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. [18] The power of properly dug-in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I, when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. For the girls, their mother's word is law: they dislike Marie based on their mother's dislike of Marie. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Pecola, already showing signs of pregnancy, comes to him and asks for blue eyes. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. Having light eyes marks a character as different. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. They say they aren't allowed to be around her. Refine any search. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. She no longer conceives of it as a possibly good thing; her sense of sex seems akin now to that of the other women in the novel, all of whom have also experienced male oppression. What does the word "festers" mean? Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. She is affectionate but physically in decay. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. Please wait while we process your payment. Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. 8. And like any trench, it belonged to the . Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. A neighbor, Mr. Buford, arrived and gave Mr. MacTeer a gun. Teachers and parents! Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. When Cholly is in his early teens, Great Aunt Jimmy becomes sick, and an old seer-like black woman named M'Dear warns her that to get better she must drink nothing but pot liquor. Rosemary Villanucci The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. "They cashed in their chips. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. Yet at the same time the girls sense is also the communities sense of the prostitutes. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. (including. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. The Maginot Line allowed France to defend its border with Germany with second-rate fortress troops. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. Note that the narrative of Cholly's life lays a greater emphasis on Cholly's agency. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. SparkNotes PLUS This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . Nonetheless, in 1927, the Inter-Allied Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the "Spirit of Locarno". How long did it take to built the maginot line? Claudia's assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests an innocence that Frieda no longer has. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. . 4. [4] J.E. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. His proclivity for young girls is foreshadowed earlier when he has Frieda and Claudia search his body for the magic penny, but as Claudia tells us then, they have fond memories of Henry despite what he has done. It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. . When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. Free trial is available to new customers only. In discussion with General Brousseau, the commander of the Metz sector and other officers, the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian-German border required the agreement of Belgium, but putting the line along the French-Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. Such accusations are unfounded". By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. However, when the Germans attacked . Why did the French build the line? [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. 6. Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. The Maginot Line is a historic meme, a shrine to the failure of fixed defenses in the age of tanks and planes. (including. As a. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. The white neighborhood in which Mrs. Breedlove works is beautiful and well kept, demonstrating the connection between race and class. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. She is lonely and imaginative. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Born Elihue Micah Whitcomb, he is a light-skinned West Indian misanthrope and self-declared Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams. He hates all kinds of human touch, with the exception of the bodies of young girls. The moment with the doctors is crucial, and is yet another scene in which we can study the gaze and how it functions. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Petrol-engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow-gauge lines. Discount, Discount Code Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. . The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. creating and saving your own notes as you read. It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. These women are prostitutes. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. The Maginot Line was impervious . With Germany with second-rate fortress troops the house, but Henry was gone to him and asks for blue.... 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